In the different applications of thin plats in engineering industrial, some holes are created in the structure that can have different shapes such as circular, elliptical, and quasi-square. When the plate is subjected to loading, stress concentration around the hole causes the crack initiation in these areas that can results in a catastrophic failure. In this paper, mode II stress intensity factor (SIF) for two Unequal aligned Cracks emanating from a circle or a quasi-square hole in an infinite plane was investigated. The complex variable theory of Muskhelishvili and conformal mapping method were used. To obtain mapping function, Schwarts Christoffel integral was combined with some simple mapping functions. Accordingly, a new mapping function is presented and approximated to the sum of series expansion. Using this approximate mapping, SIF is calculated with high accuracy. Surfaces of the Cracks and hole are traction-free. The plane is subjected to the pure shear at infinity. The analytical results are in good agreement with the literature. The obtained stress intensity factors have good accuracy for small Cracks. The equation presented in this paper is applicable to the length of the different Cracks and calculates the intensity coefficients of mode II for very small Cracks with high accuracy. Results show that the shape of the hole is important only for the small Cracks.

Throughout history, human societies have been affected by various epidemic and pandemic infectious diseases. Careful archaeological and historical work has revealed that intersecting social and economic inequalities shaped the course of epidemics. Bioarchaeology and other social sciences have repeatedly demonstrated that these kinds of crises play out along the preexisting fault lines of each society. The people at greatest risk were often those already marginalized—, the poor and minorities who faced discrimination in ways that damaged their health or limited their access to medical care even in prepandemic times. In turn, the pandemics themselves affected societal inequality, by either undermining or reinforcing existing power structures. That reality is on stark display during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the disease has memorably struck some of the world’, s rich and powerful, it is not an equal-opportunity killer. The death toll is higher in poorer and denser areas because they have already suffered from poor health, poverty, and malnutrition.

A novel micromechanical based theory for the determination of the stress intensity factors (SIFs) of three-dimensional interacting Cracks is proposed. The pioneering work of Eshelby"s equivalent inclusion method (EIM) in conjunction with Hill"s theorem on discontinuities of elastic fields across the interfaces are utilized in this analytical approach. The important feature of the present theory lies in its generality in treating modes I, II, III, and mixed mode fracture, and handling interacting Cracks with various geometries subjected to non-uniform far-field applied stress (strain), in a unified manner. For illustrations arbitrarily oriented penny shape Cracks under far-field normal and shear loading are examined. Comparisons with other analytical solutions, whenever available, established the remarkable accuracy and robustness of the proposed theory.

This paper makes static studies of multiple crack interaction in infinite, elastic, two dimensional bodies applying the Boundary element method. To avoid numerical inaccuracies in crack boundaries the method of Dual boundary element (DBEM) is used here so hyper singular equations are added to the system and this will affect the process of choosing element types. The results in terms of stress intensity factors (SIFs) are presented for a variety of crack arrangements, relative sizes of Cracks spacing and crack orientations. In order to calculate the so called factors, crack opening displacement method is used. It is found that crack arrangements have significant effects on SIFs.

In this paper we performed an analytical and 3 dimensional numerical investigation for breakup of non-Newtonian droplets in a non-Newtonian carrier fluid. The system geometry is T-junction with Unequal length branches that can generates Unequal sized droplets. Analytical and 3 dimensional numerical results of this research have good agreement with each other. We investigated variation of many quantities during the breakup process such as: flow rate ratio of branches, velocity ratio of branches, droplet length in each branch, whole length of droplet, vorticity, pressure and effective viscosity. The analytical results of this paper reveal the variation of flow rate ratio of branches, velocity ratio of branches, droplet length in each branches and whole length of droplet during the breakup process. The results showed the flow rate ratio of branches and the velocity ratio of branches is constant during the breakup process. Also we observed the droplet length in each branches and whole length of droplet increase linearly during the breakup process. The results showed vorticity near the surface of the droplet is 3 to 7 times the vorticity of the inside of the droplet, therefore the mixing of the materials of the droplet inside increases. Also the maximum vorticity is before reaching the droplet to the center of junction.

In this paper‎, ‎we consider a diagonal form for the variances of errors in linear models‎. ‎This form contains the homogeneous and heterogeneous for the errors‎. ‎First‎, ‎an estimation for the variances is given‎, ‎and then a method is introduced for the hypothesis test of parameters in linear models‎. ‎Some applications of this method are presented.

Widespread labor force participation is a prerequisite for sustainable development and welfare in society and gender Unequal opportunities are structural barriers for women s economic participation. Therefore, the economic actions of the female who constitute half of the population are of significant. This article, using gender inequality theories and secondary data of the World Economic Forum and International Labour Organization, studies the effect of gender Unequal opportunities on the female labor force participation. To test the research hypotheses, data from 143 countries all over the world in 2017 was analyzed. The research findings showed that there was a significant positive association between the female labor force participation and gender Unequal opportunity (r=0/508 and sig=0/000). Furthermore, linear regression analysis demonstrated that about 42% of women's economic participation rate is explained by economic, educational, and political dimensions of gender Unequal opportunities.

The aim of this research is to study the effects of socio-economic development on Kurdish identity from a sociological perspective. Through qualitative research method of grounded theory, central categories of research were categorized in five areas including dominance of western identity over traditional identity, reconstruction of identity and its relative popularization, emergence of Unequal development, heterogeneous development, and strengthening of Kurdish identity. The coding processes (open, central and selective) of the collected data resulted in the extraction of 883 subcategories and 279 major categories, which summed up in 37 categories. The causal and intervention factors, action strategies and consequences of action were then introduced. Finally, the main theme of research manifested as "emergence of development elements during fundamental changes in traditional identity" which indicates the "crisis-generating development and new form of identity".